POLY TRB / UNIT VIII / Family of Indo European Languages

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Unit – VIII English Language and Linguistics

S.No	Title	P.No
Language
01	Family of Indo-European Languages	03
02	Characteristics of the Germanic Language	07
03	Old English	10
04	Middle English	12
05	Modern English	14
06	Standard English	16
07	Growth of Vocabulary	19
08	Change of Meaning	25
Linguistics
09	Morphology	30
10	Affixes	36
11	Phonology	39
12	Minimal Pair	60
13	Perspectives of Linguistics	63
14	Historical Linguistics	72
15	Sociolinguistics	77
16	Neurolinguistics	82
17	Semantics	88
18	Pragmatics	94
19	Dialects	96
20	Lingua Franca	99
21	Jargon	102
22	Structural Linguistics	105
23	Phrase and Structure	110
24	Transformational Generative Grammar	114
25	Acronyms	116
26	Theories of Language Acquisition	117
27	Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing (LSRW)	120
28	Dichotic Listening	124
29	Methods of Teaching	129
30	Linguistic Terms	132

1. Family of Indo European Languages

Family of Indo-European Languages: (9)

• It is called as Indo – Aryan or Indo Germanic.
• It was spoken during 3500 BC to 3000BC.

Eastern Group: (5)

• It is called “Satem Group” and it has 5 languages.
• Armenian
• Albanian
• Indian
• Iranian
• Balto-Slavic

Western Group: (4)

• It is called “Centum Group” and it has 4 languages.
• Greek
• Latin
• Celtic
• Primitive Germanic or Primitive Teutonic

1. Armenian:
2. The language is found in south of the Caucasus Mountains and the eastern end of the Black sea.
3. It has Persian influence

• Albanian:
• It was spoken in northwest on Greece and east coast of the Adriatic sea.

• Indian:
• Sanskrit was spoken during 1500 BC.
• Panini who was the great grammarian of 4^th century gave a fixed literary form for Sanskrit.
• Paliis the language of Buddhists.
• A dialect of Hindi with a good mixture of Persian and Arabic is known as Hindustani.

• Iranian:
• Iranian was spoken in the north-western India.

• Balto-Slavic:
• It has its origin in Eastern parts of Europe.

• Greek  or Hellonic:
• It was spoken in Greece, Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor.
• Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey were existed in 8^th century B.C.
• The important dialect is Attic (Athens).
• Latin or Italic:
• It is the language of Italy.
• It includes…..
• Dante’s Divine comedy
• Virgil’s Aeneid
• Petrarch, Boccacio, Cicoro (Roman Orator)
• It is called as Romanic Language.

• Celtic:
• The language of the Celts in Gaul is called as Gaelic.

• Germanic:
• It is called as Primitive Germanic or Primitive Teutonic.
• It has three divisions.
  • East Teutonic
  • North Teutonic
  • West Teutonic
• It was spoken in central and Northern Europe from 2000 to 1000 BC.

East Teutonic:

• The principal language of East Teutonic is Gothic.
• The earliest work was the Bible Translation by Bishop Ulfilas in 4^th Century.

North Teutonic:

• It was found in Scandinavia and Denmark
• Scandinavian is called as Old Norse.

West Teutonic:

• It is divided into two categories.

      1. Low German

      2. High German

• Luther’s translation of the Bible was first printed in High German
• The Low German Languages are Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian, and Old English.

1. Family of Indo European Languages

1.  The family of Indo-European languages has _________ major groups.

(A) 2                            (B) 4                            (C) 7                            (D) 9

• Who is 4th century BCE Indian grammarian, wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language?

(A) Bhartrhari             (B) Panini                    (C) Pingala                 (D) Vararchi

• What is the principal language of East Teutonic?

(A) Gothic                   (B) Scandinavian         (C) Danish                  (D) Old Norse  

• English belongs to the _____________ group.

(A) East Teutonic        (B) West Teutonic       (C) North Teutonic      (D) South Teutonic  

• Which of the languages is not under group of Centum in Indo-European Family?

(A) Greek                                                        (B) Latin                     

(C) Indian                                                       (D) Primitive Teutonic

• Which of the languages is not under group of Satem in Indo-European Family?

(A) Armenian              (B) Albanian                (C) Indian                    (D) Celtic

• English descended from the Western set (group) of the Indo-European family languages which is also called ________ (PG – 2015)

(A) Centum                  (B) Satem                    (C) Armenian              (D) Albanian

• The ultimate origins of the English language lie in which language family?

(A) Indo-European      (B) Indo-Anglican       (C) Latin                      (D) Greek

• Which is not a regional group into which Germanic languages are divided?

(A) North Teutonic      (B) South Teutonic      (C) East Teutonic        (D) West Teutonic

1. Which of the following is not a result of the Viking invasion of England?

(A) the addition of “sk” words to the English vocabulary

(B) the addition of third person personal pronouns to the English language

(C) the destruction of Christian churches, schools and monasteries

(D) the influxion of French culture and French literature into England  

1. Which old English dialect became the direct ancestor of modern literary English?

(A) Mercian                 (B) West-Saxon            (B) Northumbrian       (D) Kentish

1. Which of the following is belonged to the group of West Germanic language?

(A) Gothic                   (B) Old Norse              (C) Icelandic               (D) Frisian